Neuroinvasive arbovirus diseases in Rio Grande do Norte: Surveillance, profile, and diagnostic complexity

Abstract

Objective: To describe the epidemiological and laboratory profile of reported cases of neuroinvasive arboviral diseases in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, highlighting the high etiological heterogeneity and the challenges regarding the diagnostic complexity of the conditions. Method: This is an observational, descriptive, and retrospective study based on secondary data from surveillance systems. Clinical and laboratory variables were analyzed, focusing on positivity by sample type, diagnostic technique, and etiological agent. Results: An increase in notifications was observed in 2025, with a higher incidence among children under 15 years of age and young adults. Clinical manifestations included neurological and systemic signs. In the laboratory field, a high etiological heterogeneity was observed, with emphasis on urban arboviruses such as Dengue and Chikungunya, in addition to the significant presence of viruses such as Herpesvirus and Cytomegalovirus, including in children under 15 years of age. Conclusion: The diversity of agents detected highlights the simultaneous circulation of arboviruses, respiratory viruses, and other neurotropic viruses. These findings reinforce the need to expand diagnostic panels, standardize surveillance protocols, and adopt interdisciplinary strategies for investigating and closing cases of neuroinvasive arboviral disease.